166. Introduction -- The concept of administrative discretion -- The historical foundation of administrative discretion -- Factors affecting managerial discretion -- Managerial discretion in the private sector -- The plan of the book -- Notes -- Beyond street level discourse -- Managerial and administrative discretion -- Perspectives on discretion in decision making -- Federalism and its place in understanding managerial discretion -- Limitations on state and local discretion -- From state and local discretion to unfunded federal mandates -- When states take over a federal responsibility: immigration -- Explaining managerial discretion -- Support for managerial discretion -- Opposition to managerial discretion -- The courts and managerial discretion -- Statutory and other types of constraints on discretion -- Managerial discretion in local government -- Local government management -- Appointment and staffing powers -- Mayors, discretion, and legislative processes -- Policy implementation -- Managerial discretion and school violence -- Discretion in contracting -- Creating new departments -- Finance -- Managerial discretion at the county level -- The use of discretion by the county sheriff -- Discretion in the Maricopa County sheriff's office -- Local managerial discretion and the courts -- A culture of corruption? -- Managerial discretion at the state level -- The role of the governor -- Appointments -- Economic development -- Emergency management -- Financial management -- Policy development and implementation -- Public safety -- Veto powers -- Other duties -- When governors c

پدیدآورنده :

کتابخانه: Library of Islamic Parliament (Tehran)

174. New York :,Communism and its demise. Real socialism. Decline and fall of socialism. The demise of communism in Central Europe. The collapse of the Soviet Union -- Shock therapy vs. gradualism. The radical reform program : a big bang. Gradual reform programs. Rent seeking : the scourge of transition. Criticism of radical reform after the Russian financial crash -- Output : slump and recovery. Sharp decline in recorded output and varied recovery. Exaggeration of the slump. Radical reform : least decline and early recovery. Late reformers : surged after 1998 -- Liberalization : the creation of a market economy. Different strategies of deregulation. Liberalization of foreign trade. Labor market policy. Combat of monopoly : gas and coal. A big bang : vital in deregulation -- From hyperinflation to financial stability. Establishing national currencies. Radical fiscal adjustment was key. Tax policy : from social democratic to liberal. Monetary policy : from loose to strict. Exchange rates : currency board or free float. Dramas of financial stabilization -- Privatization : the establishment of private property rights. Differing aims of privatization. Small-scale privatization : if started, swiftly done. Large-scale privatization : the biggest headache. Privatization of land, real estate, and housing. New enterprise development : the ultimate success. Great achievements of privatization. Vital : speed and legitimacy of property rights -- An inefficient social system. Incomes : differentiation and poverty. Life and health. Education adjusting to demand. Social transfers and pension reform. Alternative social models -- Democracy vs authoritarianism. Democratic breakthrough : critical for successful transformation. An under-reform trap. Renewed democratization : colored revolutions. Parties, electoral rules, and constitutions. How to tame the leviathan : reform of the communist state. Public opinion and ideology. Democracy and democracy aid -- From crime toward law. An explosion of crime. Attempts at building a legal system. Corruption : the bane of transition -- The role of oligarchs. Who are the oligarchs? The economics of oligarchy. The politics of oligarchy. Complaints : a matter of ideology. A question of property rights. Putin's alternative : centralized dictatorship -- The role of international assistance. The dream of Europe. Western failure to act in the East. Trade policy : a gulf between the EU and the CIS. International assistance : insufficient but crucial -- Conclusions : a world transformed. Different models. Achievements and r

پدیدآورنده :

کتابخانه: Library of Islamic Parliament (Tehran)